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A mining expert has questioned the decision by the government to convert the 20% shares ZCCM-IH stake in Kansanshi mine to a Royalty or revenue share of 3.1%, accusing the government negotiating team led by ZCCM – IH chairperson Dorika Banda of seemingly not understanding the value of governments 20% percent shareholding stake and how much it would accrue in terms of the investment in mine project.  

On Tuesday Finance Minister Dr. Situmbeko Musokotwane announced during a press Briefing in Lusaka in the company of his counterpart Mines Minister Paul Kabuswe and ZCCM-IH Chairperson Dorika Banda that his government has decided to covert ZCCM – IH shares in FQM’s Kansanshi mine into a Royalty because it is more profitable that the dividends model.

Copperbelt based Mining expert Mwiya Songolo says government does not seem to understand the value of its 20% shareholding stake and how much it will accrue to in terms of the investment in mine project.  

Speaking in an exclusive interview with Zambia Business Times – ZBT, Songolo said First Quantum Minerals – FQM recently announced a Multimillion dollar expansion project at Kansanshi and seems to have done their home work while the Zambian government is clueless on how to benefit from the investment.

He said the royalty model is good but government should have first understood the value that the 20% share stake would have given them before rushing into making a decision of converting it into a meagre 3.1 % Royalty adding that FQM cannot just announce a project of this magnitude without knowing how much they will recoup from it.

‘For FQM to be able to make a pronouncement that they are investing $1.35 billion dollars, they know the return on their investment, but government does not know how much that 20% should accrue in that investment, that is why they have accepted the 3.1 percent Royalty’.

He stressed that FQM knows exactly what they are getting into on the staggering $1.35 billion dollars investment but the Zambian government is in ‘no man’s land’ and that the agreement would have been more prudent if government had first established the value of the 20% with reference to the $1.35 billion dollar investment that the mine will commence.

During the press briefing Dr. Musokotwane explained that government only got $337 million dollars in dividends between 2009 and 2021 and that no money was received in form of dividends between 2016 and 2017 but had the Royalty model been in place, they would have gotten $671 million.

But Songolo said that in itself is an indication that the Minister of Finance and his team should have taken their time to study the value of the shares because the basis of his argument is that government will be getting better returns using the Royalty model from the same 20% shares. The fact that they have agreed to a revenue model that pays almost double should tell you something about the earning potential from the mine.

The New Dawn government has set itself an ambitious target to increase copper production from around 800,000 tonnes last year to 3 million by 2031. This has seen the new government announcing some sweeping reforms in the mining sector, a situation that has aroused deep suspicion as no annual breakdown or specific mine openings or projections of how this target of production has been shared.

The decision to convert the 20% ZCCM – IH shares into a 3.1 % Royalty is just among the many reforms government has embarked on. The new dawn government has made Mineral Royalty Tax deductible, which would result in a revenue loss of about $1 billion in five years for the treasury, which sparked an outcry among some stakeholders who feel the country is getting a raw deal from its mineral wealth and that some politicians may be corruptly benefiting from these transactions.

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A mining expert has questioned the decision

Lifestyle

The announcement that Zambia has gone ahead to implement the visa waivers for 17 countries that include the UK, USA, Canada, Australia and many other ciuntries who are not willing to reciprocate and waive visa requirements for Zambians willing to travel to their countries continue to be questioned with a lone protest by a woman who stripped half naked and later chained herself to the freedom statue to symbolise loss of freedom by Zambia.

Later, Police in Lusaka confirmed that they have charged a woman identified as Dorcas Nachibona of Emmasdale Site and Service who was found chained to a fence at the Freedom Statue in protest for the issuing of visa waivers to countries not willing to waive visa requirements for Zambians, an act seen as desperate and meant to please foreign countries that dont seem to care to reciprocate.

According to an earlier report by Police deputy spokesperson Danny Mwale, Nachibona was found half – naked and chained to a tree at Freedom statue in the early hours of 7th Wednesday, November 2022 in a drunken state. A report which has been described as an attempt to divert public attention from the real reasons behind the protest.

Mwale in his earlier report stated that “when interviewed, Ms Nachibona disclosed that she was drinking the whole night with her female friend who she cannot identify”.

But in a recent update report, Police deputy spokesperson Danny Mwale said after viewing the Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) at our Command Center, Dorcas was seen placing a placard at the Freedom Statue, chaining herself and hiding the keys in her pant.

Mwale narrated that while seated, she was seen drinking from a bottle which seemed to be that of alcoholic beverage.

“She has been charged with the offence of Idle and Disorderly contrary to Section 178 (f) of the Penal Code Chapter 87 of the Laws of Zambia. She remains in Police custody awaiting court appearance.” He said.

“We found her under the influence of seemingly I don’t know if it is drug or bear and according to her she is protesting and when we talked to her she was in a drunken state so we have charged her and she will talk whilst in court”

Mwale told the Zambian Business Times – ZBT – that the moment they established that she chained herself they decided to charge her adding that she will speak in court.

The issue of waiving visas for countries unwilling to reciprocate has raised questions on what the real motives are. Even if Zambia is desperate in attracting more tourist arrivals, what sort of tourists will the removal of palty visa entry fees change? has a full security impact being done and has all points of entry been digitised to ensure that all entrants are captured and monitored?

Demands have continued as to whether it is morally, intellectually or socially right for Zambia to proceed with the waiver of visa requirements for citizens of foreigh countries – non from Africa – that are unwilling to reciprocate this gesture and continue subjecting Zambian citizens wishing to visit their countries to stringent and exorbitant visa fees.

In an effort to jump start and exponentially grow its tourist arrivals, government officials have announced the waiving of visa requirements for about 17 countries deemed to be the highest source countries for its international tourist arrivals.

Minister of Home Affairs Jack Mwiimbu confirmed at a media briefing that Zambia has waived visa for 17 countries that include, the United Kingdom – UK, United States of America – USA, Canada, Norway, Australia and New Zealand. Others countries are, China, Japan, South Korea, the Gulf States, Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates – UAE.

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The announcement that Zambia has gone ahead

Agribusiness

The Zambia National Farmers Union (ZNFU) is saddened with the confusion that has characterised the distribution of farming inputs for the 2022 -23 farming season and has since sounded the alarm saying the crisis is likely to trigger hunger in the Nation come next year if it is not well handled as it will greatly hamper Food Production.

Many farmers across the country are yet to receive farming inputs as the New Dawn government struggles to tinker with the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) which President Hakainde Hichilema recently changed to Comprehensive Agriculture Support Program (CASP).

The name change has however done little to transform the highly politicised system with thousands of small holder farmers who depend on the fertilizer and seed they get from the programme left in limbo.

And ZNFU spokesperson Calvin Kaleyi says his organisation has established that out of desperation, some famers have come up with a gentleman’s agreement where those that have been lucky enough to get farming inputs aresharing with their fellow farmers with the hope that they will reimburse them once they get their turn.

Kaleyi told the Zambia Business Times in an interview that this development is unfortunate because government is aware that the most ideal time to distribute inputs is between August and September to give farmers ample time to prepare.

He said a check by ZNFU in some selected parts of the Country such as North Western province indicate that a majority of farmers have not yet received farming inputs, and that the situation is similar in Northern and Eastern Province Provinces were very few farmers have received their inputs, a situation he described as unacceptable as it threatens National Food security.

Minister of Agriculture Mutolo Phiri recently stated that government has decided to add new beneficiaries to the FISP programme in an attempt to clean up the system as they remove farmers who have been benefitting for many years and make the programme more encompassing.

But Kaleyi says this is a lame excuse because government should be aware that to halt a sensitive programme like FISP in the name of cleaning up the system is calling for disaster as can be evidenced by the prevailing situation on the ground. He added that much as ZNFU is cognisant of the fact that the FISP programme is clogged with flaws which need immediate attention, the situation should have been handled in a much prudent and efficient manner. 

‘Whilst you are cleaning the house, do not stop supplying the farmer; do not stop distributing to the farmer, because if you do so, it’s going to affect food security’.

He wondered how farmers who live in areas that get competently cut from the rest of the country when the rains intensify will get their farming inputs. 

Kaleyi has however applauded the seed distribution companies for being proactive by ensuring that seed got distributed on time across the country though he was quick to add that the late approval of contracts by government did not help matters.

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The Zambia National Farmers Union (ZNFU) is saddened with

Uncategorized

The announcement by Government that Zambia will start experiencing 6 hours of load shedding which is scheduled to commence on 15th December 2022 has cast a dark shadow on the already negative economic outlook for local businesses and the country at large.

The announcement that Zambia will go back to load shedding days has been received with mixed feelings as it comes on then back of Zesco Board Chairperson Vickson Ncube having assured the Nation a few months ago that state owned power utility – ZESCO had enough electricity generation capacity from it power stations dotted across the country and that the issue of load shedding was long gone and now a thing of the past.

But last week, Energy Minister Peter Kapala announced that due to the dwindling water levels at Kariba Dam, Zambia’ major source of hydro power, ZESCO will start rationing power and the country will endure up to 6 hours of load shedding.

This is a major blow to the business sector especially the Small and Medium Sector which are mostly local businesses who are already reeling from the impact of the Covid 19. Most small businesses like butcheries, barbershops, salons and restaurants depend on the electricity supplied by ZESCO and cannot afford alternative power such as diesel powered generators which come as an added cost and turn their businesses into loss making

The impending load shedding will put most SMEs in a very uncomfortable position because they will have to go for about half of the day without operating and this will result in a drastic drop in their revenues. And the timing is during peak business hours, it means almost the whole day

And Economist Trevor Hambayi has advised government to devise measures that will provide technical support to Small businesses in the country in order to cushion them from the prolonged power cuts.

Mr Hambayi told the Zambia Business times that despite the creation of the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprise Development, the SME sector in Zambia still remains unsupported.

He said there are a lot of political pronouncements around the issue ofsupporting SMEs but the reality on the ground is totally different as most of them are still grappling with issues like lack of access to capital with the available incentives either too bureaucratic or beyond their means.

Mr Hambayi said most of the challenges facing SMEs in Zambia can be resolved at policy level such as the reduction on the 4% turn over tax which he said is too high especially that the country has not posted positive economic growth in the last 2 years and the cost of doing business has equally increased.

‘It is a very big challenge for the SMEs because firstly we have not seen so much in terms of economic recovery in the past 2 years and secondly because we’ve have not had a lot of liquidity in the market which is being cause by the fact that government has also not paid Suppliers and contractors’.

He said in this period most SMEs have stagnated and did not generate enough income and has since advised the government to dismantle the arrears and pay suppliers so that Small businesses can have the capital to cushion themselves from the impact of load shedding. 

Mr Hambayi said government should also look into the issue of scrapping customs duty and other costs in relation to the importation and purchase of liquid petroleum gas to enable Small businesses afford the resource to cover for the lost hours when power will be cut.  

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The announcement by Government that Zambia will

Mining

The allure and attractiveness of gold has led some families in central province to pull out their children from school to engage in gold mining.

Despite the introduction of the free education police by Government in all public schools across the country, residents of Luano District have opted to rope in their children in artisanal gold mining as they feel the power and opportunities of Gold far outweighs the long term value of the free education being provided.

Senior Chief Mboroma of Luano Valley of central province has revealed that there has been an increasing number of children who have stopped going to school because their parents or guardian are camping with them in the bush where they are searching for Gold.

Senior Chief Mboroma told the Zambian Business Times – ZBT in Ann exclusive interview that over 30 cases have been recorded of families that have withdrawn their children from public schools and are now in search of Gold in his chiefdom. And this trend is growing and needs urgent actions.

When asked by ZBT why parents are withdrawing their children when there is free education, Chief Mboroma said, “The major challenge is that being in the remote areas, parents depend on the labour from their children to go and help them when they are mining gold in the field, so that they can be assisted.”

He stated that the chiefdom is however working hand in hand with the school managements and other relevant authorities to ensure that such parents are punished accordingly and bring children back to school.

“There are still some parents who are still having the challenge of bringing their children back to school. I had sent the retainers and the village headman and also the neighborhood watch into the community to give punishment to those parents who are not allowing their children to stay in school.” He revealed.

He said Parents are supposed to be in the forefront in supporting their children going to school adding that it is sad that they are letting them to go with them hence the need for parents to be punished. He told ZBT in an exclusive interview that simple punishments may include working at the palace (mubomba Chipuba), making bricks, and digging teacher toilets among others.

Senior Chief Mboroma has since appealed to government and non-governmental organisations to come up with sensitization programs for the community that will educate them about the importance of education and the need to prioritize education.

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The allure and attractiveness of gold has

Mining

Finance Minister Situmbeko Musokotwane has assured the nation that the First Quantum Minerals – FQM’s Kansanshi Mine and ZCCM-Investment Holdings (ZCCM-IH) deal will not result in the loss of the existing 20% shareholding but will facilitate the conversion of dividend rights to revenue (or royalty) rights.

Musokotwane further disclosed that this prospective deal with First Quantum Minerals (FQM) follows extended discussions over the past three (3) years between First Quantum Minerals (FQM) and ZCCM-IH. This deal if approved will be the answer to concern that come when mines declare less dividends but record huge revenues.

The finance minister however has not been able to give detailed justification or computations on how the revenue share of 3.1% on the back of 20% shareholding is the best deal for the country. Some mining experts have indicated that the minister needs to get at least 5% and should not allow the history of paltry dividends to be used as a benchmark for negotiations.

Speaking during a media briefing monitored by the Zambian Business Times – ZBT, Musokotwane said the completion of the transaction is subject to regulatory and other relevant approvals. The transaction that was announced, aims at converting the current ZCCM-IH dividend rights in Kansanshi Mining Plc into royalty [or revenue share] rights.

He said the conversion from dividend rights to royalty rights will not disadvantage ZCCM-IH as it will still retains its 20 percent through the three million (3,000,000) Class A shares with a par value of one US Dollar (US$1.00) each, for the life of mine (until the mine ceases operations).

ZCCM-IH will still retain the right to nominate 2 Board directors with voting rights. ZCCM-IH will also have pre-emption rights in an event that FQM desires to dispose off its shares in the company.

Musokotwane said unlike the dividend revenue model, the royalty revenue are more predictable, guaranteed and consistent. “The right to receive quarterly Royalty payments will ensure that ZCCM-IH is guaranteed a predictable and regular revenue stream over the life of mine of Kansanshi Mining Plc.”

He said the Royalty model is not new as it is being used in the extractive sector in countries such as Canada and Brazil. Royalty rates range from 1 to 3.5 percent in some of these transactions.

“When we assess the dividend model performance from 2009-2021, ZCCM-IH received a total US $337 million. You may wish to note that no amount was received in form of dividends in 2016 and 2017 as no dividend was declared.”

Musokotwane said however that, if the royalty model was in place during the same period, ZCCM-IH could have received a total of US $671 million, which is almost double what was earned.

“Our future projections indicate that just over a 9-year period, royalty receipts will amount to US $625 million which is significantly higher than the amounts received in the last 14 years.”

“The Royalty is from the top-line, represents gross revenue of all metal sales from Kansanshi. Whereas dividends are dependent on company profitability and is at the discretion of the Board as the Board can choose to retain profits within a company for re-investment.”

He said the Royalty will be 3.1 percent of the gross value of all metal sales, that is, a revenue based royalty or top line which will be paid to ZCCM-IH every quarter.

“It will be payable to ZCCM-IH as long as Kansanshi is in production. The arrival at 3.1 percent, is based on the valuation of Kansanshi Mine conducted by independent reputable local and international companies.”

“As the royalty is based on a percentage of the revenue, the Royalty will be increasing with an increase in copper prices. As already stated, the Royalty is for life of mine, which will go up to 2040 with the S3 expansion. In addition, a royalty also protects ZCCM-IH from the worst of a future bear market. If Kansanshi is in production, a royalty will be paid – even if Kansanshi is at any time producing at a loss.”

“Article 210 (2) states that “A major State asset shall be sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, subject to the approval of the National Assembly”. We wish to state that the transaction at hand is not subject to this article as the transaction is neither a sale nor a disposal. The transaction is a shift from a dividend to a royalty anchored on the variation of class rights attached to ZCCM-IH Class A shares. What has changed in the transaction is the manner in which ZCCM-IH will collect its revenue from a less predictable and risky dividend model to a lower risk revenue based on the 3.1 percent of the top line,” He said.

In 2019 First Quantum Minerals FQM had offered the Zambian government US$700 million to buy off the latter’s 20 percent stake in its subsidiary Kansanshi Mining Plc through ZCCM-IH. It however still remains unknown if government has approved the US$700 million share offer by First Quantum Minerals – FQM as most of these transaction details remain confidential.

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Finance Minister Situmbeko Musokotwane has assured the

Lifestyle

The Zambia Consumer Association – ZACA is disturbed that ZESCO seems to have already initiated load shedding with consumer experiences across the country showing that some areas are already reporting that they are currently experiencing prolonged load-shedding and inconsistence supply under the guise of maintenance works.

Speaking in an exclusive interview with the Zambian Business Times – ZBT, ZACA Executive Secretary Juba Sakala says electricity from the power utility ZESCO sometimes goes the whole day from 08:00hrs to 16:00hrs and at times in different areas goes from 17:00hrs to 23:00hrs, a situation ZACA has attributed to poor planning systems by the power utility company.

“All this is because of poor planning they do not plan for eventualities operating like “katemba” that is what the system is all about.”  Sakala told ZBT that the situation being experienced in most areas across the country is disturbing in the past one week as there has been no proper explanationare saying its because or it only happens during the rainy season in most cases but its too frequent and too much.

“We are very disturbed as we do not know if we are going to have power and as we speak some areas of the country have no power and no proper explanation has been given by the power utility company ZESCO.” He remarked.

Sakala explained that, “messages may come today that you may not have power but all the sudden there is power and then two days after that is when you lose out power, sometimes for the whole day without a proper reason or notice being given.”

Meanwhile ZACA Executive Secretary Sakala has challenged the power utility company to take up the responsibility and apologies to the nation as the situation is disrupting businesses. “ZESCO should plan in advance as they are aware that during the rainy season they normally have challenges if they are to suppress this challenge which has been there year in year out.”

He challenged  the power utility company ZESCO to be proactive and should not be reactive to the concerns of the general public. Minister of Energy Chibwe Kapala has announced that Zambia will initiate load shedding for about six hours a day from 15 December 2022.

Howwever, there are indications that load sheddding has already began as some areas have been getting eratic supply for the past few weeks with the ZESCO sending messages to customers that they are undertaking maintenance works. But the frequency and schedule for these maintenances have been too frequent.

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The Zambia Consumer Association - ZACA is

Sport

The Zambia Police service says it is too early to tell if the accident which caused the death of 4 Queens’s players and a coach was caused by poor road condition adding that the police and other relevant authorities are still stills conducting investigations.

The five Solwezi Queens Academy members perished on 3rd December, 2022, while 16 others sustained serious injuries after their bus got involved in an accident as the team was heading to Mpika for a FAZ Women’s National League fixture.

Speaking in an exclusive interview with the Zambian Business Times – ZBT – Police Assistant Public Relations Officer Godfrey Chilabi said the police are currently doing their preliminary thorough investigations and after conclusion, they will take the next course of action.

The accident happened on 3rd December, 2022 around 03:30 hours near Sacko mine area along the Great North Road in Mkushi District of Central province. The road network is poor, with some stretches such as Ndola to Kapiri being in very poor state due to lack of routine maintainance or rehabilitation.

Motorists have at severy occasions taken to social media and pointed to the poor state of the roads even on major highways such as Lusaka – Ndola road, the Lufunsa – Nyimba road and other key roads which which have developed potholes pausing as a safety hazard and has lead to loss of lives.

He said the preliminary investigations done so far at the scene of accident indicate that the accident that saw the five dead happened due to over speeding. Chilabi said Police is still trying to establish what really transpired which will lead to the next course of action.

“Of course we cannot rule out the offence of causing death by dangerous driving, that cannot be ruled out as at now as the accident happened due to access speed.” He said. Chilabi said investigations may not have time limit adding that some survivors are still in shock and are not in a position to give interviews.

“So we are just in the early stages of compiling everything and after that will arrive at a conclusive decision and like I indicated we can’t rule out the aspect of over speeding.”

He said police officers are on the ground and there are humanitarian issues going on in ensuring that those who were discharged and those flown to Lusaka need to be interviewed and come to a conclusive decision.

The Police has since appealed to motorist and the public to follow the road rules and regulations to avoid accidents. He said the clubs and other road users embarking on long journey should be mindful of the road condition and the time that they are driving

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The Zambia Police service says it is

Mining

Some stakeholders in the mining industry have called for a probe on the real reasons behind the continued failure to re-open Kasenseli Gold Mine – a promising gold mine that was seen as a beginning of Zambia stocking up of alternative gold reserves as well as diversification within the mining industry.

Zambia currently needs to fire up all its forex earning assets but it is shocking that a promising gold mine has now been shut for over a year with no definite timeline or sharing of concrete plans for its re-opening. This has aroused suspicion that some sections or individuals may be profiting from suspected illegal mining from the same site.

In a separate interview, the Mine Workers Union of Zambia – MUZ has called on Government to prioritize reopening of the gold mine that have been closed for some time now as they are key in the developing of the economy and contributing to job creation within the mining industry.

Speaking in an exclusive interview with the Zambian Business Times – ZBT, MUZ President Joseph Chewe said government needs to put in place serious intervention measures and see to it that the closed mines like Kasenseli gold mine among others are reopened in a shortest period of time.

Chewe said the country need liquidity, employment, business opportunities and household income for the people living in those areas and holding the mines closed is something that is affecting a lot of people in those particular areas and the country at large.

He said the trend of not re-opening the several mines [after they are shut] has the capacity to lower the country’s economic activities, hence the need for government to put short term measures on the mines.

Chewe said the bottlenecks that are hindering the re-opening of the mines need to be urgently worked on so that the country can begin to benefit. “The union is the advocate of employment and we want all the issues surrounding that mine to be resolved as soon as possible so that the country start benefiting as it is currently losing out.” He added.

Chewe said whatever the bottlenecks may be need to be sorted out urgently as they are hindering development of the country.

Government late last year in 2021 suspended operations at Mwinilunga’s Kasenseli Gold Mine due to what was termed as ‘contravening conditions of its mining and exploration license’ among other reasons. Mines and Minerals Development Minister Paul Kabuswe said all operations at the mine would remain suspended until his ministry was satisfied that conditions were safe.

It is now over one year and the mine remains closed, with no timelines publicly shared as to when the gold mine would re-open. The shut down of the mine has also resulted in the Bank of Zambia – BOZ resorting to buying gold from mainly First Quantum Minerals – FQM when initial plans shared also had Kasenseli gold mine purchases prominently included.

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Some stakeholders in the mining industry have

Tech

The prominent aviation bodies including Airports Council International (ACI) Africa and Civil Air Navigation Service Organisation (CANSO) Africa have appointed Zambia Airports Corporation Limited (ZACL) staff as part of their Committees.

Zambia Airports and Corporation Limited Manager Air Traffic Services Zephania Sholobela was elected as Civil Air Navigation Service Organisation (CANSO) Africa Operations Working Group’s Deputy Chairperson when the CANSO Africa Region held an elective special meeting on the 27th October 2022.

Airports Council International (ACI) Africa, is the international association of African airports with a primary goals to promote professional excellence in airport management and operations on the African continent and to advance the interests of African airports.

ACI Africa operates autonomously under its own Statutes and internal procedures. ZACL remains a Member at Large at ACI and shall continue to participate in various meetings and engagements. The Corporation’s position is represented by the Acting Managing Director Mrs Maggie B. Kaunda.

During the 2022 ACI Africa/World Annual General Assembly Conference and Exhibition (WAGA) in Marrakech, Morocco held between 22nd – 28th October, Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (KKIA) Airport Manager Mrs. Harriet Nakazwe Angetile was appointed to the Safety & Technical Committee as a member and was also elected Vice President of the Safety & Technical Committee.

In a statement made available to the Zambian Business Times – ZBT – by ZACL Communications and Brand Manager Mweembe Sikaulu, Harriet Nakazwe Angetile becomes the first female to serve as Vice President in the history of the Council, while Planning and Business Development Manager Josiah Mvula was nominated for a permanent seat in the Economics Committee.

The CANSO Africa Region was established in 2012 with a vision to achieve safe, seamless and harmonised airspace across Africa and help air navigation service providers (ANSPs) provide services that are: universally safe, technically interoperable, procedurally harmonised, efficient and affordable.

Mweembe said the Economics and Safety & Technical Committees are part of the Regional Committees of the organisational structure at ACI Africa. There are currently six regional Committees: Safety & Technical, Security, Facilitation, Technology and Innovation, Human Resources, Economics, Environment & Sustainable Development.

Zambia had in the recent past invested heavily in putting up ultra modern airport infrastructure that has seen the country having three modern and reputable and international standard airports. These include the Lusaka’s Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, Copperbelt’s Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport and Livingstone’s Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula International Airport.

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The prominent aviation bodies including Airports Council